Modern Unit test Review

Here are the overall subjects we have covered in this unit.  The test will be comprised of 30 multiple choice questions, 3-4 written  questions and 2 calculations.  The test is currently scheduled for October 6th (2nd) and 7th (6th).

Modern Physics

Fundamental Forces –Gravity, EM, Strong & Weak Nuclear Force

Modern vs. Classical Physics (Relativity vs. Simultaneity)
Unified Theory (Gen Rel + Quantum
Principles/Laws
          Cosmological Principle
          Heisenberg Uncertainty
          Symmetry Principle
          Pauli Exclusion Principle.

Cosmology

 -Theories (Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation, Superstring,etc,)

  -Advantages/Disadvantages with theories
 -General Relativity (Space-Time)
 -Role Dark Matter/Dark Energy
 -Structure of the Universe (Filaments, Voids, Clusters, etc.)

Particle Physics

-Models of the Atom (Plum Pudding, Rutherford, Bohr, Electron Cloud)

-Properties of Sub-atomic particles (Nucleons and Electrons)
-Properties or Hadrons/Leptons/Gauge Bosons
-Mediating Particles/Feynman Diagrams
-Particle Interactions (Legal or not….)

Nuclear Physics

-Mass Defect/Binding Energy (Calculate, explain)

"Natural" Radiation

    -Nuclear Decay Sequences and types
    -Applications of Decay/Decay Sequences (Determine Transmutations; radio metric dating; nuclear medicine)

Nuclear Processes
   -Fission (Process)
   -Fusion (Process)
  -Applications
  - Health Effects
  - Accidents and long term consequences

Wave unit Review

Concepts/Information to Know

• Characteristics and examples of the different types of waves.
• Relationship between Energy, Amplitude, Intensity and Distance for a wave.
• Reflection, Interference and Refraction
• Doppler Effect
• Index of refraction

Be able to explain:

• The evidence for the wave and particle nature of light.
• How the properties of different mediums affect wave velocity.
• The significance of the Hubbell Constant
• Experiments like Huygen’s, Young’s and Michaelson’s
• How light is formed.
• Interference patterns formed by waves.
• How mirrors and lenses form different images.
• Refraction
• Determining distances in space
• Light, Spectroscopy, and the H-R Diagram

Problem Types

• Velocity, wavelength, and frequency of a wave.
• Energy and Intensity of a wave
• Angles of refraction.

Thermal Unit Concepts

Here are the overall concepts to be covered in the Thermal Energy Unit:

• Heat, Temperature and Thermal Energy
• Phases Changes
• Power and Thermal Energy
• Heat Engines
• Efficiency
• Conduction, Convection and Radiation (calculation and concepts)
• Laws of Thermodynamics

\Vocabulary
•Energy              Kinetic Energy    Thermal Energy    Specific Heat
•Absolute Zero   Calorie                Power                   Thermal Laws
•Conduction       Convection          Radiation              Insulation
•Insulator            Conductor           Pressure                Volume
•Temperature      R-value               Radiator                Boiler
•Condenser         Engine                Turbine                 Compressor
•Piston                Intake                 Exhaust               Isothermal
•Combustion      Heat Engine       Generator              Steam Engine
•Entropy             Fluid                  Latent Heat          Thermal Equilibrium
•Melting             Freezing            Sublimation          Evaporation
•Vaporization     Condensation    Adiabatic             Thermal Expansion
•Combustion      Heat Death       Order                   Disorder
•Enthalpy           Carnot              Efficiency            Heat of Fusion/Vaporization

Relationships

•Understand the relationship between temperature, heat, and thermal energy.
•3 Thermal Laws: Understand and be able to provide examples.
    –1st Law: Conservation of Energy (delQ+/_ del W = 0)
     –2nd Law: Heat flows naturally from hot to cold; it will not spontaneously move from cold to hot.
     –2nd/3rd Law: Entropy -natural Processes tend to move toward a state of greater disorder
     - 2nd/3rd Law  no device is possible whose sole effect is to transform a given amount of heat completely into work.

•Gas Laws: Understand the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature. (pV~T)
•Heat flow and changes of state.
•Similarities in heat engines, heating systems, and cooling systems.
•Relationship between the rate of cooling and the temperature difference between two bodies
•Relationships between Power Output through Conduction/Radiation and other properties of material.

Applications

•Thermodynamic explanations for climate.
•How heat moves. Know examples and applications.
•Used for Conductors and Insulators
•Considerations in using insulators
•Examples and diagrams of insulated systems (double-pane window, vacuum bottle, etc.)
•How each of the listed heating systems functions and where each uses conduction, convection and radiation.
•How and why a steam engine and its components operate.
•How different energy sources are used to generate electricity.
•The steps in the 4-stroke internal combustion engine.
•How thermal energy drives plate tectonics and the weather
•The affect of thermal pollution on the surrounding environment
•The role of thermodynamics in stellar evolution

Problems

•You should be able to apply and calculate the following equations.

•Temperature Conversions
     • K= C +273      C=5/9(F-32)      F= 9/5C +32 
•Heat Flow: Q = mcDT.
     •Q-Change in Thermal Energy (joules, J)
     •m- Mass (Kg)
     •c- Specific Heat (J/Kg*C)
     •DT –Change in temperature (Final – Initial) (C) 

•Power: P=Q/t or t=Q/P

     •P-Power (Watts, W) 

     •t- Time (seconds)
    •Q-Change in Thermal Energy (joules, J)

•Change in State Q=ml 

    •Q-Change in Thermal Energy (joules, J)

     •m- Mass (Kg)
     •l- latent heat (J/Kg)
Entropy: DS = Q/T

Also; efficiency (Carnot and standard), final temperature problems, conservation problems, radiation and conduction problems.

Density Lab Part II

All of your data is aggregated on this spreadsheet.  Look at the tab labelled "Part I consolidated data" and on the individual tab for your material.  I have added data from previous years as many of the data sets provided were incomplete or contained significant errors.   

As with the part 1, you can copy the data into a new tab or spreadsheet to manipulate.  The master sheets are protected.  

For Part I

• Compare the values used to determine the volume of the cylinder.  
• How would you describe the precision of these measurements?  
• Which is better, height or radius?
• How does this effect the calculation for the volume?
• How do the measurements for the Sphere compare to those for the cylinder?
• What is the resolution for your vernier caliper?  The balance?  How is this reflected in your calculation?

For Part II  Look at the tab for the type of metal you used.  You can make a copy of this lab if you wish to manipulate the data, otherwise do the work in your notebook.

• Plot the Mass versus Volume for all of the data shown.  
• Which has a higher precision, mass or volume measurements?  Explain your answer.
• Is there a relationship between the accuracy of the results and the size of the object?  Explain.

 

Density Lab

Objective: To determine the density of regularly shaped objects.

Purpose: To introduce concepts in numerical analysis and error analysis in measurement.

Equipment: Assorted objects, balance, Vernier caliper.

You will be working in groups of two for this lab.

When you are complete, please add your data to this spreadsheet.  (Note you will need to make a duplicate copy from the master sheet, label it with your initials, and add your data to that form.)
How to input the data:

1. Right click on the tab labelled "Copy Me"
2. Rename the tab with the names of your group
3. Input your measurements for parts I and II

Procedure:

Part I  (For this part of the lab you will need one copper cylinder and one glass sphere) 

1. Using the vernier calipers, determine the radius and height of the copper cylinder to the nearest 0.01cm   
2. Each measurement should be done SIX times alternating between you and your partner taking the readings. 

3. Repeat the procedure for the radius of the glass marble.



Part II (For this part of the lab you will need five objects of the same composition)

1.  Using the vernier calipers, determine the volume of each object

2.  Determine the mass of each object using the triple beam balance.

3.  Repeat steps one and two using another set of five objects. 

Calculations/Analysis

Part I

• Calculate the volume of the cylinder and the sphere for each set of measurements, and then find the mean and error of your volume calculations.

• Which object had the greatest variation in volume?  Is this result of human or equipment error?

Part II

• Use your calculator to determine the volume and density of each object. Determine the mean and error for each set of objects with like compositions. Compare your results with the accepted values below:

(All values in grams per cubic centimeters)

Aluminum: 2.70

Brass: 8.44

Copper: 8.93

Steel: 7.82

• Make a graph of the mass vs. volume for the like objects.  
• Can you determine the density from this graph? Explain. 
• Since all of your objects are made of the same materials, how would you expect your graph to look? 
•  Draw a dotted line on your graph to indicate the expected answer.

• Identify two sources of error that may have affected your results. Explain how they affected your results and what changes you could make to lab to correct them next time.

Questions:

Part I
1. When measuring the length and diameter of a cylinder, which dimension should be measured more carefully? Explain.

2. Why are several measurements taken for parts 1 & 2?

3. Cylinder A is made of metal twice as dense as Cylinder B. Both cylinders have the same mass and height. What is the ratio of the radius of cylinder A to the radius of cylinder B.

Part II

• Did the size of the object affect the accuracy of your results?  Explain.

• Define the following terms
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Resolution
• Sensitivity

Radiation Health Effects

Today's videos for radiation dose rates.

Part II includes the exciting conclusion.....

Nuclear Fusion

A few videos to transition you to the ideas of the Thermonuclear era.  First up, let's settle a general misconception about the 'power' of nuclear bombs.

A refresher of the basics of Fission and Fusion.

Duck and Cover

Nuclear Effects Simulator from today



Ivy Mike, where we learned that H-Bombs would change our concept of living in a a nuclear world.

Castle Bravo, the biggest (by accident, rather than design) weapon detonated by the United States.

Tsar Bomba, the biggest weapon ever detonated.

The result of the advent of Thermonuclear weapons would be the transition from the idea of waging atomic war to one of "Mutually Assured Destruction"  The US and USSR would end up constructing massive nuclear arsenals with the intent of using deterrence as the primary means of preventing a nuclear war.

Next time we will deal with the idea of Nuclear Fusion as a means to provide vast amounts of useful energy rather than the threat of destruction.


If you want to see some cold war memorabilia check out atomic annihilation.